REPORT 



TESTS OF PLATES OF VARIOUS GRADES OF 

IRON AND STEEL FOR ATMOSPHERIC 

CORROSION 



TO 



ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 

CONSOLIDATED GAS COMPANY 

OF NEW YORK 



BY 



ALBERT F. GANZ, M. E. 

CONSULTING ENGINEER 



MARCH, 1914 



STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 

CASTLE POINT, HOBOKEN 

NEW JERSEY 



REPORT 



TESTS OF PLATES OF VARIOUS GRADES OF 

IRON AND STEEL FOR ATMOSPHERIC 

CORROSION 



TO 

ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 

CONSOLIDATED GAS COMPANY 

OF NEW YORK 



BY 

ALBERT P. GANZ, ME. 

CONSULTING ENGINEER 



MARCH, 1914 



STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 

CASTLE POINT, HOBOKEN 

NEW JERSEY 



f\ 



<H^ 



Copyright, 1914, by 
CONSOLIDATED GAS CO. OF NEW YORK 



APR -i 1914 



THE TROW PRESS 
NEW YORK 



©CU369540 



ALBERT F. GANZ, M.E. 
consulting engineer 

Stevens Institute of Technology, 
HoBOKEN, N. J., March 20, 1914. 

Engineering Department, 

Consolidated Gas Company of New York, 

124 East 15th Street, New York City. 

Gentlemen: 

In accordance with the request of Mr. W. Cullen Morris, Engineer of 
Construction, I have made tests to determine the relative rates of corro- 
sion of sample plates of such grades of iron and steel as are commercially 
available for holder and tank construction, when subjected to similar 
conditions to which plates of gas holders and tanks are ordinarily subjected 
in practice, and I beg to submit herewith the results found. 

Sample plates of the following seven grades of iron and steel were 
tested : 



Material 


Designating 

Symbol Used 

in Report 


Concerns from Whom 
Test Plates were Obtained 


American Ingot Iron 

Gas-holder Steel 


I 

H 

W 

B 

C 

AH 
BH 


The American Rolling Mill Co. 
The Bartlett Hayward Co. 

American Sheet & Tin Plate Co. 
American Sheet & Tin Plate Co. 


Wrought Iron or Reworked Iron 
(made from muck-bar iron by 
puddling process) 

Bessemer Steel 


Open-hearth Copper Steel 

Acid Open-hearth Steel. 


American Sheet & Tin Plate Co. 
American Sheet & Tin Plate Co. 


Basic Open-hearth Steel 


American Sheet & Tin Plate Co. 



Ten plates, each approximately 6 in. by 12 in. by i in. in size, were 
obtained of each of the seven materials. The surface scale from each 
plate was removed by sand blasting before the test was begun in order to 
eliminate the irregular effects on corrosion produced by the presence 

3 



of scale. Two yVinch holes were drilled near the top of each plate 
to afford convenient means for supporting the plate during the test. The 
plates of each material were numbered from i to lo. The material and 
number of each plate was indicated by drilling a small hole through the 
plate on a co-ordinate plan, the distance of the hole from the top edge of 
the plate indicating the number, and the distance from one side edge 
indicating the material. This method of designating each plate afforded a 
positive means of identification, which was not affected by the corrosion 
to which the plates were subjected. 

In order to determine the important chemical constituents of the test 
plates, shavings from plates of each material were analyzed in the 
Chemical Laboratory of Stevens Institute of Technology by Dr. F. J. 
Pond, and the results of this analysis are given in Table No. i. 



Table No. 1 — Results of Chemical Analysis of Samples of Plates 

Subjected to Atmospheric Corrosion Tests 

Figures in Table Denote Percentages 





Carbon 


Manga- 
nese 


Phos- 
phorus 


Sulphur 


Silicon 


Copper 


American Ingot Iron 

Gas-holder Steel 

Wrought Iron or Reworked 
Iron 


0.026 
0.107 

0.062 
0.193 
0.127 
0.138 
0.125 


0.021 
0.389 

0.066 
0.459 
0.370 
0.312 
0.367 


0.001 
0.002 

0.111 
0.121 
0.009 
0.066 
0.023 


0.041 
0.031 

0.022 
0.065 
0.043 
0.047 
0.050 


0.006 
0.004 

0.200 
0.032 
0.008 
0.010 
0.005 


0.048 
0.072 

0.014 


Bessemer Steel 

Open-hearth Copper Steel . . 

Acid Open-hearth Steel 

Basic Open-hearth Steel. . . . 


0.024 
0.218 
0.020 
0.006 



Micro-photographs of a cross-section of one plate of each test material 
were also obtained, magnified 230 diameters, and these micro-sections 
are reproduced on pages 16 and 17. These micro-sections serve to show 
the physical structure of each test material. 

Before the corrosion test was begun, each test plate was sand blasted, 
cleaned with benzine and with ammonium citrate, washed in hot water 
and in alcohol, and dried. Each plate was then weighed on a sensitive 

4 



physical balance independently by two observers so as to obtain check 
weighings. The plates were then arranged in sets with a sample plate 
of each material in each set. Due to shortage in shipment only nine 
complete sets were available for test. These nine sets of test plates 
were then exposed to corrosion at the locations and under the conditions 
given in detail below. 

Set No. I. Astoria Works. The plates were suspended on the north 
side of the 15,000,000-cu. ft. gas holder so as to immerse about one half 
of each plate in the water of the cup of the third lift of the holder. The 
water in this cup appeared clear and clean. The water rises and falls in 
this cup, which caused a variation in immersion of the plates of about 5 
inches, depending on the height of the holder, and which thus exposed 
the middle parts of the plates alternately to the atmosphere and to the 
water in the cup. 

Set No. 2. Ravenswood Works. The plates were suspended from the 
lower horizontal wind brace of the guide frame of No. 3 gas holder near 
the top of the first flight of steps and were exposed to the atmosphere. 

Set No. J. Astoria Works. The plates were suspended from a rack 
at the ground level at the south end of the main ammonia storage wells, 
where these wells are protected by wooden covers. The plates were 
exposed to ordinary atmospheric conditions and also to ammonia vapors 
leaking through the covers of the ammonia wells. This place was selected 
because here a great deal of trouble had been experienced from corrosion 
of steel work. 

Set No. 4. Old West Farms Works of Central Union Gas Co., Bronx, 
N . Y. The plates were suspended in the cup at the ground level of the 
old gas holder so as to immerse about one half of each plate in the water of 
the cup. This holder has not been in use since 1898 and the water in the 
cup is stagnant. This location was selected because it was reported that 
the shell immersed in the water in this cup had been found to corrode 
very rapidly. 

Set No. 5. Astoria Works. The plates were suspended from the top 
guide frame on the north side of the east oil tank on Berrian Island. 
This location is as far away as possible from the various vapors produced 



in the works, and the plates were subjected only to the damp and salty 
atmosphere due to proximity to the East River. 

Set No. 6. New Amsterdam Gas Works, Fortieth Street and East River. 
New York City. The plates were suspended from the wind brace of gas 
holder No. 3 about six feet above the ground level and were exposed to 
the atmosphere. 

Sets No. 7 and No. 8. The plates of these two sets were damaged 
through accident while exposed to corrosion. No results are available. 

Set No. 9. Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, N. J. The plates 
were suspended in the atmosphere in the yard of the Electrical Labora- 
tory of Stevens Institute and were immersed momentarily in salt water 
every day. 

For the test each plate was suspended from the holes near its top by 
means of iron hooks or iron wires, and each set was arranged so that each 
plate of the set was subjected to exactly the same conditions. The plates 
were subjected to corrosion for a period of approximately one year, 
except Set No. 9, which was tested for approximately six months. 

At intervals during the test period I examined each set of plates to 
verify that conditions were remaining normal. At the end of the test 
period the plates were removed to the laboratory and carefully examined, 
and the characteristic appearance of each plate was noted. It was found 
that the plates of any one set had in general the same characteristic ap- 
pearance, but that this varied considerably with the different sets which 
had been subjected to different corrosive influences. 

After the corroded plates had been examined the heavy rust and scale 
were removed as far as possible by lightly tapping with a hammer and by 
wire brushing. The rust was then completely removed from the plates 
by means of ammonium citrate, and they were then washed in hot water 
and in alcohol and dried. 

Each plate was then photographed so as to obtain a reproduction of 
the appearance of its surface. These photographs are reproduced on 
pages 18 to 31. A portion of the surface of each plate of Set No. 3, 
approximately 0.75 in. by 1.5 in. in size, was also photographed enlarged 
2.75 diameters, and these enlarged photographs are reproduced on pages 

6 



32 to 35. The portions of the plates of Set No. 3 which were enlarged 
are indicated by black lines in the reproductions of these plates on pages 
22 and 23, and such portions as show the most characteristic effects of the 
corrosion were chosen. The plates of Set No. 3 were chosen for enlarge- 
ment because this set of plates showed the worst corrosion, excepting the 
plates of Set No. 9, which however had been subjected to abnormally 
severe conditions. 

The plates were then carefully examined and the characteristic ap- 
pearance of each plate was noted. The results of the examination of the 
plates before and after the rust had been removed are given in detail in 
the following: 

Set No. I. (Exposed for one year on large gas holder in Astoria 
Works with lower halves of plates immersed in water of cup.) All plates 
are covered with heavy rust in the form of superimposed layers. The 
color of the rust is very dark and in sections is black. After removing 
rust : The surfaces of the plates are generally irregular with many shallow 
pits, and the lower halves of the plates are decidedly more affected by 
corrosion than the upper halves; the bottom edges are also rounded off by 
corrosion while the top edges are sharp. The wrought-iron plate appears 
most pitted. For appearance of plates see pages 18 and 19. 

Set No. 2. (Exposed for one year on guide frame of gas holder in 
Ravenswood Works.) The plates show a heavy coating of uniform rust 
in the form of powder and without scale, except that the basic open- 
hearth steel plate shows considerable rust scale, and the acid open-hearth 
steel plate shows slight scale. After removing rust: The surfaces of all 
plates are fairly smooth. The wrought-iron plate shows a number of 
pits where slag has been removed. The edges of all plates are sharp. 
The copper steel plate appears least affected. For appearance of plates 
see pages 20 and 21. 

Set No. J. (Exposed for one year to vapors over ammonia wells in 
Astoria Works.) All plates are covered with a yellowish-brown pow- 
dered rust beneath which is a heavy hard scale which would not come 
off even with hammering. After removing rust: The surfaces of all 
plates are made very irregular by shallow pits and scattered tubercles; 
the wrought-iron plate shows a deep pit at one place where apparently 

7 



slag has been removed. The edges of all plates are sharp. The wrought- 
iron plate also appears most aflFected, while the copper steel plate appears 
least affected. For appearance of plates see pages 22 and 23. 

Set No. 4. (Exposed for one year on old gas holder in West Farms Gas 
Works with lower halves of plates immersed in water of cup.) All plates 
are covered with heavy dark scale which comes off easily in relatively 
thick sheets of considerable area. After removing rust: The lower 
halves of the plates appear very smooth, while the upper halves show sur" 
face irregularities with shallow pits and scattered tubercles. The upper 
halves of all plates except the copper steel plate are corroded so as to be 
markedly thinner than the lower halves. The edges of all plates are 
sharp. For appearance of plates see pages 24 and 25. 

Set No. 5. (Exposed for one year to atmosphere on north side of oil 
tank on Berrian Island in Astoria Works.) All plates show a heavy coat- 
ing of brownish-yellow and uniform rust in the form of powder and with- 
out scale. Beneath this surface rust a hard, brittle and dark-colored 
scale is found which is hard to remove. After removing rust: The sur- 
faces are generally smooth with no appreciable tuberculation and no pit- 
ting, except that the basic open-hearth steel plate shows a surface covered 
with tuberculations. The edges of all plates are sharp. The copper 
steel plate and gas-holder steel plate appear least affected. For appear- 
ance of plates see pages 26 and 27. Some of the plates at the beginning 
of the exposure were slightly spattered with paint while the stairway 
leading to the oil tank was being painted. At the small spots which were 
covered by the paint the metal has been completely protected and is 
perfectly smooth. Streaks of this kind appear in the lower right hand 
corner of the basic open-hearth steel plate, and under the supporting 
holes of the Bessemer steel plate and of the American ingot iron plate, as 
seen on pages 26 and 27. 

Set No. 6. (Exposed for one year to atmosphere near ground level 
in New Amsterdam Gas Works.) The plates show a light coating 
of uniform rust. The rust appears generally in the form of powder, 
except that the acid open-hearth steel plate shows slight rust scale and 
the basic open-hearth steel plate shows considerable rust scale. After 
removing rust: The surfaces of all plates are generally smooth with little 

8 



pitting or tuberculation except that the wrought-iron plate shows con- 
siderable tuberculation and some pitting where slag has apparently been 
removed. The edges of all plates are sharp. For appearance of plates 
see pages 28 and 29. 

Sets No. 7 and No. 8. These tests were abandoned owing to accident 
to the plates. 

Set No. g. (Exposed for six months in yard of Stevens Institute 
Electrical Laboratory and immersed daily in salt water.) The surfaces 
of the plates show blisters of hard black scale with light red rust spots 
between blisters, the entire rust scale forming a shell which breaks off 
easily on hammering. Below this shell a hard dark-colored scale was 
found which adhered closely to the metal and was very difficult to re- 
move. After removing rust : The surfaces of all plates are very irregular 
and full of shallow pits. The edges of all plates are, however, sharp. 
The American ingot iron plate appears most pitted. For appearance of 
plates see pages 30 and 31. 

After the plates had been examined they were again weighed by two 
observers in order to obtain check weighings. The loss in weight of each 
plate was obtained by taking the difference between the weight of each 
plate before and after the test. The results of the weighings before and 
after the test and the losses in weight are given in Table No. 2. The plates 
were of uniform size, namely, 6 in. by 12 in., except those of Set No. 9, 
which were 5! in. by 12 in. In order to make the losses obtained with 
these latter plates more directly comparable with those obtained with the 
other plates, the loss in weight of the plates of Set No. 9 is therefore also 
given in Table No. 2, corrected to the standard size of plates. 

The loss in weight of each plate, together with the average loss for 
each set of plates and the average loss for each material, is given in Table 
No. 3. Since all of the sets of plates except Set No. 9 were exposed to 
corrosion for substantially the same length of time, and since all of the 
plates were of substantially the same area, the average loss for each set 
may be taken as a measure of the corrosive influence to which that set 
was subjected. It will be seen that the plates which were exposed only 
to the atmosphere show in general the least loss in weight. The plates 

9 







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1 



which were subjected to the ammonia vapors and those which were im- 
mersed daily in salt water show an excessive loss in weight. The plates 
which were suspended near the gas holder in the Ravenswood Works also 
show a larger loss in weight than those which were exposed to the atmos- 
phere away from the gas works A rather striking result is that the 
plates which were partly immersed in the water of the cup of the Astoria 
gas holder show a large loss, and that this loss has occurred in the lower 
halves of the plates where they were immersed in this water, showing 
that the water in this cup has a highly corrosive action. In contrast to 
this, it is interesting to note that the plates which were partly immersed 
in the water of the cup of the abandoned gas holder in the old West Farms 
Gas Works showed but little corrosion in the lower halves where they were 
immersed in the water, but showed very considerable corrosion in the 
upper halves where they were exposed to the atmosphere. An examina- 
tion of Table No. 3 shows that the open-hearth copper steel plates show 
the smallest loss in weight in every set except in Set No. 3, in which the 
wrought or reworked iron plate and the Bessemer steel plate show a 
slightly smaller loss. 

I have added in Table No. 3 figures for the relative resistance to corro- 
sion of the various materials, referring to copper steel as a standard and 
arbitrarily taking its resistance to corrosion as 100. The average relative 
resistances to corrosion, referred to copper steel as 100 and computed from 
the average loss for all of the plates of any one material, are also given in 
Table No. 3. It will be noted that all of the plates of Sets No. 3 and No. 9 
show a very large and a relatively uniform loss. These sets of plates 
were subjected to abnormal conditions, namely. Set No. 3 to the highly 
corrosive vapors escaping from the ammonia wells, and Set No. q to daily 
immersion in salt water. Inasmuch as the plates of holders and tanks in 
gas works are not under ordinary conditions subjected to such severe 
corrosive influences, I have computed the average loss and the average 
relative resistance to corrosion for the remaining five sets. For convenient 
comparison I have given in Table No. 4 the average loss in weight and the 
average relative resistance to corrosion obtained both by averaging the 
results from all seven sets and also by averaging only the results from 
five sets, omitting Sets No. 3 and No. 9. 



Table No. 4 — Average Losses and Average Relative Resistances to 
Corrosion Computed for all Seven Sets and for Five Sets 



Values Computed 
from all Seven Sets 



Average 
Loss, 
Grams 



Relative Resistance 
to Corrosion Com- 
puted from Aver- 
age Loss 



Values Computed from Five 
Sets, omitting Set No. 3 
(Exposed to Ammonia Va- 
pors) and Set No. 9 (Im- 
mersed daily in Salt Water) 



Average 

Loss, 

Grams 



Relative Resistance 
to Corrosion Com- 
puted from Aver- 
age Loss 



Open-hearth Copper Steel. 

Gas-holder Steel 

American Ingot Iron 

Wrought or Reworked Iron 

Bessemer Steel 

Acid Open-hearth Steel.. . . 
Basic Open-hearth Steel... 



103.2 
118.6 
123.9 
130.9 
135.8 
156.5 
176.3 



100.0 

87.0 
83.3 
78.9 
76.0 
66.0 
58.5 



66.2 
80.8 
85.6 
101.3 
110.1 
127.7 
151.3 



100.0 
81.9 
77.3 
65.4 
60.1 
51.8 
43.8 



It will be seen that in Table No. 4, giving the average losses and the 
average resistances to corrosion of the various materials tested, these 
latter are arranged in the order of their ability to resist corrosion; and it 
will be observed that this order is the same whether the average of all 
seven sets is taken or whether the average of the five sets is taken. I be- 
lieve that for the purpose of comparing the suitability of the different 
grades of iron and steel for holder and tank construction the figures given 
in the last column are most useful because they correspond most nearly 
to the conditions generally found in practice. The following conclusions 
may be drawn from these last average figures: 

The open-hearth copper steel has by far the greatest resistance to 
corrosion, while the acid and basic open-hearth steels have the least resist- 
ance to corrosion, these open-hearth steels corroding approximately twice 
as rapidly as copper steel. Copper steel is approximately 20% better 
than the gas-holder steel furnished by The Bartlett Hayward Co. as a 
sample of the steel used in their gas holder construction. Bessemer steel, 
wrought or reworked iron, and American ingot iron, are much more 
affected by corrosion than copper steel. In addition to showing the 

13 



smallest loss in weight, copper steel was also observed in a number of 
cases to be more uniformly corroded than the other materials, so that 
copper steel would be less weakened by a given loss in weight than the 
other materials. 

The results of the chemical analysis given in Table No. i show that the 
open-hearth copper steel tested contains 0.218% of copper, which is over 
ten times the percentages of copper in the acid and basic open-hearth 
steels; while the percentages of the other elements are of the same order 
of magnitude in these three steels (except that the percentage of phos- 
phorus is considerably less in the open-hearth copper steel), it is my 
opinion that the greater resistance to corrosion found with the open- 
hearth copper steel is due entirely to the presence of the much larger 
percentage of copper and not to differences in the percentages of the other 
ingredients. While in the present series of tests only copper steel containing 
0.218% of copper was included, 1 learn from tests made by others that a 
variation in the percentage of copper between 0.15% to 0.50% does not 
have any material effect on the resistance of the material to corrosion. I 
also fmd recorded* the results of tests for corrosion made upon pure electro- 
Vtic iron and upon pure iron with the addition of various small percent- 
ages of aluminum, arsenic, cobalt, copper, lead, manganese, nickel, 
selenium, silicon, silver, tin and tungsten. These tests show in general 
that the addition of small percentages of the various elements to the iron 
resulted in a greater resistance to corrosion, and that the influence of 
copper was particularly beneficial. In these tests copper was added to 
the pure iron in percentages varying from 0.089 to 7.05 per cent. The 
addition of copper, particularly in small percentages, resulted in a high 
resistance to corrosion. These tests therefore corroborate those reported 
herein, in which I have found that the copper steel has a greater resist- 
ance to corrosion than American ingot iron, which latter is substantially 
pure iron. 

A study of the micro-photographs of cross-sections of the test plates 
reproduced on pages 16 and 17 does not reveal any apparent relation 
between the micro-structure of the materials and their relative corrodi- 
bility as observed in these tests. 

* See paper by C. F. Burgess and J. Aston, entitled " Influence of Various Elements on the Cor- 
rodibility of iron," published in the Transactions of the American Electrochemical Society, Vol. 
XXI I, p. 241, 1912. 



In conclusion I beg to say that steel containing approximately 0.2% 
copper shows the highest resistance to corrosion of the various grades of 
iron and steel examined under the conditions of the test. It should be 
noted that in these tests the bare metal was exposed to the same in- 
fluences of atmosphere and water to which the plates of gas holders are 
subjected in practice, but that under normal conditions the metal of such 
holders is coated with a protecting paint. While I have not sufficient 
data to fix definite limiting percentages of copper which will give the best 
results, I believe that a specification calling for copper between 0.2% and 
0.5% will give the highest resistance to corrosion for gas holder and tank 
construction. 

Respectfully submitted, 

(Signed) Albert F. Ganz. 



15 




American Ingot Iron 

Micro-section shows isolated elon- 
gated patches of white carbide (FegC), 
and rounded globules of oxide or slag. 










r 



Gas-holder Steel 

Micro-section shows fine grained 
pearlite with several thin streaks of 
slag and manganese sulphide. 




Open-hearth Copper Steel 

Micro-section shows coarse pearlite 
with white carbide fFesC) segregated, 
and globules of slag and manganese 
sulphide. 




Acid Open-hearth Steel 

Micro-section shows coarse pearlite 
with white carbide (FegC) segregated, 
and small amount of slag and man- 
ganese sulphide. 



i6 




r^^'T%^:?*^a»^ 



Wrought or Reworked Iron 



Micro-section stiows small grained 
ferrite (Fe) with much slag, some in 
coarse masses. 













Bessemer Steel 

Micro-section shows ver\'fme grained 
pearlite in lines with granular white 
carbide (FesC) and traces of man- 
ganese sulphide and slag. 





m ' '^'"^' --, 








\ . <:' ■•■' : 



Basic Open-hearth bteel 

Micro-section shows pearlite, most 
of which is segregated into pure white 
carbide (FegC) and some slag and 
manganese sulphide. 



Micro-photographs of 
Cross-sections of Test Plates 

Magnification — 230 diameters 



17 





American Ingot Iron 



Gas-holder Steel 



'1; 







Open-hearth Copper Steel 




Acid Open-hearth Steel 



i8 





Wrought or Reworked Iron 



Bessemer Steel 




Appearance of Plates at End of 
Test After Removal of Rust 

H Full Size. 

Set No. I — Astoria Works. 

Lower half of each plate immersed 
in water of cup of holder. 



Basic Open-hearth Steel 








American Ingot Iron 



Gas-holder Steel 




Open-hearth Copper Steel Acid Open-hearth Steel 

20 






f: 


IB;;; 


1 


i 


;•: 




Wrought or Reworked Iron 



Bessemer Steel 



L"-^ * > 











Appearance of Plates at Fnd cf 
Test After Removal of Rust 

M Full Size. 

Set No. 2 — Ravenswood Works. 

Exposed to atmosphere on side of 
gas holder. 



Basic Open-hearth Steel 



21 






American Ingot Iron 



Gas-holder Steel 





Open-hearth Copper Steel Acid Open-hearth Steel 

22 







v'K* 







Wrought or Reworked Iron 





Bessemer Steel 



Appearance of Plates at End of 
Test After Removal of Rust 

Vs Full Size. 

Set No. 3 — Astoria Works. 

Exposed above ammonia wells. 

Black rectangles indicate portions 
which have been enlarged and which 
are reproduced on pages 32 to 35. 



Basic Open-hearth Steel 



23 




I 



American Ingot Iron 



Gas-holder Steel 








Open-hearth Copper Steel 



Acid Open-hearth Steel 



24 




I'* 



Wrought or Reworked Iron 





Bessemer Steel 



Appearance of Plates at End of 
Test After Removal of Rust 

Yz Full Size. 

Set No. 4 — West Farms Works. 

Lower half of each plate immersed 
in water of cup of holder. 



Basic Open-hearth Steel 



25 




m 



a 



t 




American Ingot Iron 




Gas-holder Steel 



AmM 



'.-^ff "^^SSf. '/.ViSf*' 




m 



Open-hearth Copper Steel Acid Open-hearth Steel 

26 





Wrought or Reworked Iron 



Bessemer Steel 




Basic Open-hearth Steel 



Appearance of Plates at End of 
Test After Removal of Rust 

Vz Full Size. 

Set No. 5 — Astoria Works. 

Exposed to atmosphere on north 
side of oil tank on Berrian Island. 



27 




American Ingot Iron 



Gas-holder Steel 








Open-hearth Copper Steel Acid Open-hearth Steel 

28 




Wrought or Reworked Iron 





Bessemer Steel 



Appearance OF Plates at End op 
Test After Removal of Rust 

Vz Full Size. 



Set No. 6 — New Amsterdam Gas 
Works. 

Exposed to atmosphere on side of 
holder. 



Basic Open-hearth Steel 



29 





s;>:\ 



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30 









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Appearance of Plates at End of 
Test After Removal of Rust 

H Full Size. 

Set No. 9— Hoboken, N. J. 

Immersed every day momentarily in 
salt water and exposed to atmosphere. 



31 



Portions of Test Plates of Set No. 3 

Enlarged 2f Diameters. 

Corresponding portions of test plates are indicated by black 
rectangles on pages 22 and 23. 




American Ingot Iron 
32 



Enlarged Portions of Test Plates of Set No. 3 (Continued). 




Gas-holder Steel 




Wrought or Reworked Iron 
33 



Enlarged Portions of Test Plates of Set No. 3 (Continued) 




Bessemer Steel 




Open-hearth Copper Steel 
34 



Enlarged Portions of Test Plates of Set No. 3 (Continued). 




Acid Open-hearth Steel 




Basic Open-hearth Steel 
35 



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